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Anthony Panizzi
Sir Antonio Genesio Maria Panizzi (16 September 1797 – 8 April 1879), better known as Anthony Panizzi, was a naturalised British librarian of Italian birth and an Italian patriot. He was the Principal Librarian (i.e. head) of the British Museum from 1856 to 1866.
==Early life in Italy==
Panizzi was born at Brescello in the Duchy of Modena (now province of Reggio Emilia), Italy, on 16 September 1797. He studied at the Lyceum of Reggio, then obtained a degree in law from the University of Parma in 1818. He was appointed as Inspector of Public Schools at Brescello. It was during this time that a charge was brought against Panizzi that he was a Carbonaro, that is, a member of a secret society that opposed the current political regime. The evidence would suggest that the accusation was true.
In October 1822, amid political upheaval in Italy, Panizzi was slated for arrest, as were many Carbonari. He was tipped off that he faced arrest and trial as a subversive, and made his way across Italy, eventually arriving in Switzerland. In 1823, he wrote and published a book decrying the repressive regime and trials against citizens of the Duchy of Modena, ''Dei Processi e delle Sentenze contra gli imputati di LesarMaesta e di aderenza alle Sette proscritte negli Stati di Modena''.〔 Following the book's publication, he was indicted, tried, and condemned to death ''in absentia'' in Modena, and pressure was brought to have him expelled from Switzerland.〔
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